In this set are terrible diseases that have haunted mankind for thousands of years. However, thanks to the development of medicine most of these diseases can be cured or prevented. Let's learn more about these viruses.

Plague disease caused by the bacterium plague bacillus Yersinia pestis. There are two main forms of plague: bubonic and pneumonic. When lymph nodes are affected first, with the second - the lungs. Without treatment in a few days begins fever, sepsis, in most cases, death occurs. than in victory. "The first case reported July 26, 2009. Patient appealed to doctors in critical condition and died on July 29. 11 people who had contact with patients were hospitalized with symptoms of fever, two of them died, others feel satisfactory "- something like this message from China, now looks information on outbreaks of plague. Message from some European cities in 1348 would look like this: "In Avignon plague struck all, tens of thousands of them were no survivors. Corpses from the streets no one to clean up. " Everything in the world during that pandemic killed 40 to 60 million people. Planet experienced three plague pandemic, "Justinian" back in. 551-580 years, "Black Death" and the 1346-1353 pandemic's late XIX - early XX century. Periodically flared and local epidemics. With quarantine and disease fighting - in the era of late dobakterialnuyu - carbolic disinfectant dwellings. first vaccine at the end of the XIX century created by Vladimir Khavkin - man fantastic biography, a Jew from Odessa, Mechnikov student, former Narodovolets thrice goes to prison and expelled because of the policy of the Odessa University. In 1889, after Mechnikov he emigrated to Paris, where he began first as a librarian and then as an assistant at the Institut Pasteur. Khavkin vaccine doses used by tens of millions around the world until the 40-ies of XX century. Unlike smallpox vaccine, it is not able to destroy the disease, and the results were much worse: it reduces the incidence of 2-5 times, and mortality at 10, but it is still used, since there was nothing else. This treatment appeared only after the Second World War, when Soviet doctors used svezheizobretenny streptomycin at liquidation plague in Manchuria in 1945-1947 years. Actually, now used against plague all the same streptomycin, and the population in the outbreak were immunized with a live vaccine developed in the 30s. Today annually recorded up to 2.5 thousand cases of plague. Mortality - 5-10%. For decades, no epidemics, no major outbreaks. Difficult to say how serious role in this is actually treated, and how much - the system identification of patients and their insulation. After the plague before leaving people for decades. Smallpox disease is caused by the variola virus is transmitted from person to person by airborne droplets. Patients covered rash passing in both ulcers on the skin and mucous organs. Mortality depending on virus strain, from 10 to 40 (sometimes even 70) percent. What wins. Smallpox - the only infectious disease completely annihilation of mankind. History of fighting against it has no analogues. unknown exactly how and when the virus began to torment people, but for several millennia of its existence can vouch. At first smallpox epidemics rolls, but in the Middle Ages has registered among people on a permanent basis. In Europe alone, she died a half million people a year. Fighting try. Sharpness Hindus in VIII century realized that smallpox sick only once in a lifetime, and then the person produced immunity to the disease. Invented Variolation - infected from healthy patients with mild: rubbed pus bubbles in the skin, in the nose. In Europe Variolation brought in the XVIII century. But first, this vaccine was dangerous: killed every fiftieth patient. Secondly, infecting people this virus, doctors themselves supported foci. In general, the thing is so controversial that some countries, such as France, officially banned it. May 14, 1796, an English physician Edward Jenner rubbed in two cuts on the skin eight boys James Phipps contents of the vials with hands peasant Sarah nelma. Sarah was ill with cowpox - harmless disease transmitted from cows to people. July 1 doctor instilled boy smallpox, and vaccination did not take. From that time began the history of the destruction of smallpox on the planet. Vaccinations cowpox became practiced in many countries, and the term "vaccine" Louis Pasteur introduced - from the Latin vacca, «cow." Nature gave people vaccinated: vaccinia virus provokes an immune response of the body as well as the variola virus. final plan for the destruction of smallpox in the world to develop Soviet doctors, and took it to the Assembly of the World Health Organization in 1967. This is what the Soviet Union could place themselves in an absolute asset together with Gagarin's flight and the victory over Nazi Germany. By the time smallpox foci remained in Africa, Asia, and several countries in Latin America. The first stage was the most expensive, but also the easiest - vaccinated many people as possible. Hit rates. In 1974, India was 188,000 patients, and in 1975 - no, the last case was registered on May 24. The second and final stage of the fight - it's looking for a needle in a haystack. It was necessary to detect and suppress individual foci and make sure that smallpox is not sick no one of the billions living on Earth. Caught patients throughout the world. In Indonesia, paid 5000 rupees to anyone who will lead the patient to doctors. In India, it gave one thousand rupees, which is several times more than the monthly salary of a peasant. In Africa, the Americans carried out the operation "Crocodile": one mobile teams in helicopters scoured the deaf places like ambulance. In 1976 for a family of nomads of 11 people infected with smallpox, hunted hundreds of medical helicopters and airplanes - they spotted somewhere on the border of Kenya and Ethiopia. Oct. 22, 1977 in the city of Brand in southern Somalia to the doctor a young man complained headache and temperature. First, he was diagnosed with "malaria", and a few days later - "chicken pox." However, WHO staff, examined the patient and determined that he had smallpox. This was the last case of smallpox infection natural center on the planet. May 8, 1980 at the 33rd session of the WHO officially declared smallpox eradicated in the world. Today viruses are contained in only two laboratories: in Russia and the United States, the question of their destruction is postponed until 2014. Cholera Disease unwashed hands. Vibrio cholerae Vibrio cholerae is ingested with contaminated water or through contact with the secretions of patients. The disease often does not develop at all, but in 20% of infected people suffer from diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration. than in victory. The disease was terrible. During the third pandemic of cholera in Russia in 1848, according to official statistics, noted 1,772,439 cases, of which 690 150 deaths. Cholera riots broke out when frightened people burned the hospital, believing doctors poisoners. wrote the Nikolai Leskov: "When in the summer of 1892, in the late nineteenth century, appeared in our country, cholera, and forthwith came dissidence what to do. The doctors said that it is necessary to kill a comma, and people thought that it is necessary to kill doctors. I should add that people are not the only way, "thought", but he tried it and result in action. Several doctors who were trying to kill a comma to best use case, were themselves killed. " Comma - is Vibrio cholerae, outdoor Robert Koch in 1883. Prior to the advent of antibiotics serious cholera treatment did not exist, but still the same Vladimir Khavkin created in 1892 in Paris, a very decent warmed vaccine from bacteria. Had he it for yourself and three friends, narodovoltsyamy-emigrants. Hawking decided that at least from Russia, and he fled, but the vaccine should help. Only be allowed back. Letter offering free vaccination to establish himself Pasteur signed and sent it Khavkin curator of Russian science Prince Alexander of Oldenburg. Khavkin In Russia, as usual, was not allowed, as a result, he went to India, and in 1895 issued a report on 42 thousand vaccinated and reducing mortality 72%. Now in Bombay have Khavkin Institute (Haffkine Institute), what everyone can see it with the appropriate site. A vaccine, the truth is the new generation still offered by WHO as the main means of cholera in its foci. Today, each year several hundred thousand cases of cholera in endemic areas. In 2010, most cases were in Africa and Haiti. Mortality - 1.2%, much lower than a century ago, and it is a merit of antibiotics. Nevertheless, the main thing - prevention and hygiene. Ulcer disease and gastric mucosal injury duodenum by acid. Affecting up to 15% of people on the planet. than in victory. Ulcer has always been considered a chronic disease: worsen - medical treatment, waiting for the next exacerbation. And treated her accordingly, reducing the acidity in the stomach. Until two Australians in the early 80-ies of the last century has not turned medicine so that still seminars opponents tear each other to shreds. (Incidentally, this is a common phenomenon in medicine: the introduction of a new treatment had passed without tough debate. Fifty years after the widespread use of vaccinia virus, for example, has published caricatures - people with horns, grown after vaccinia vaccination.) pathologist Robin Warren worked in Royal Hospital in Perth. For many years he molested medical statements that the stomachs of ulcer patients, it is a colony of bacteria. Doctors ignored him, replying that no acid bacteria can not multiply. Maybe he would have resigned if not stubborn young intern Barry Marshall, who came to Warren with a proposal to cultivate bacteria and then prove their connection with ulcers. experiment from the outset wondered: germs in test tubes did not grow. Accidentally be left unattended for a long time - were the Easter holidays. And when the researchers returned to the lab, they found the grown colonies. Marshall put the experiment spread bacteria in meat broth, and drank it down with gastritis. He recovered drug antibiotic metronidazole and bismuth, completely destroying the bacteria in the body. A bacterium called Helicobacter pylori. was also found that Helicobacter infected from half to three quarters of all mankind, but not everyone is excited about the ulcer. Marshall appeared extremely punchy man, he managed to break the resistance of the medical community, who are accustomed to the patient with an ulcer - patient lifetime. In 2005, the Australians got for his discovery of the Nobel Prize. Today the main circuit treat ulcers is the destruction of Helicobacter pylori with antibiotics. However, it turned out that the plague may be caused by other factors, such as certain medications. About what percent of all cases associated with the bacteria, still argue. Measles disease occurs due to measles virus Measles virus - one of the most contagious viruses transmitted by airborne droplets. Ill mostly children: rash, cough, fever, a host of complications, often fatal. than in victory. Earlier measles sick almost every child. Dying with from 1 to 20% depending on the food. The mere addition of vitamins to patients reduced mortality by half.Radical treatment has not been found, and he himself pathogen found very late: in 1954. Identified virus American John Enders and his colleagues, and in 1960 received the vaccine. At the same time received the vaccine and Soviet microbiologists. In developed countries, children inoculated polls, and measles famously waned - the virus, known for its phenomenal contagious, is not immune punched lock. WHO today announced the global program against measles. By 2011, the death rate from it was reduced to 158 thousand a year versus 548,000 in 2000. However, this means that every day in the world of measles killed 430 children. Just because they do not receive the vaccine cost $ 1. TB disease most often nest in the lungs, sometimes in the bones and other organs. Cough, weight loss, intoxication, night sweats. than in victory. Victory over tuberculosis rather conventional. Since Robert Koch in 1882 opened the pathogen - mycobacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, - passed 130 years. Created the first vaccine at the Pasteur Institute in 1921 and used until now. This is the same BCG, which inoculate newborns. Its degree of protection is poor and inexplicably varies from country to country, from clinic to clinic until the complete futility. real breakthrough came in 1943, when Selman Waksman discovered streptomycin - the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis. Waxman - another Ukrainian Jewish immigrant, who left in 1910 in the United States. Incidentally, the term "antibiotic" was introduced by him. Streptomycin was used since 1946 with the same success, for what Waxman given the Nobel Prize. But after a few years there TB resistant to the drug, and now this antibiotic generally can not be cured. In the 60s there was rifampicin, which successfully treated so far. In a world average of 87% of patients who were diagnosed for the first time this, cured of tuberculosis. This, of course, very different from the beginning of the last century before last and only when the doctor wrote: "Pulmonary consumption (tuberculosis) - the most common and the most common disease." In the XIX century Europe every seven died of tuberculosis, and in less developed countries statistics simply do not exist. Tuberculosis is now in principle curable. Known schemes and antimicrobials, if not helping first-line therapy, prescribed back ... But! Enjoying WHO statistics for 2012: 8.6 million TB patients, 1.43 million died. And so from year to year. In Russia it is even worse: in the 90s began an uncontrolled increase in the incidence, which reached a peak in 2005. We morbidity and mortality in several times higher than in any developed country. Every year, Russia's TB kills about 20 thousand people. And yet - we are third in the world in the so-called multidrug resistance. These types of bacteria that are not treated by first-line drugs, the global average were 3.6%. We - 23%. A 9% are untreated and second-line drugs. Here and die. blame the health system of the USSR: patients treated with non-standard schemes, with a reserve - put in the hospital for a long time. And so germs can not: they are modified and become resistant to drugs. The hospital also forms gladly pass on their neighbors in the ward. As a result of all the countries of the former Soviet Union - the main supplier of world-resistant tuberculosis. Today, WHO has adopted a program to combat tuberculosis. In less than 20 years, doctors have reduced mortality by 45%. Russia in recent years, too, came to myself and stopped initiative adopted standard protocols. The world is experiencing 10 vaccines against tuberculosis and 10 new drugs. Nevertheless tuberculosis - a disease number two after HIV. Leprosy The disease is known to us as leprosy - from "distort, deform." Called Mycobacterium Mycobacterium leprae, related tuberculosis. Affects the skin, nervous system, mutilates man. Leads to death. What victory. Even now at the thought of accidental contamination of leprosy any of us injected fairly good dose of adrenaline in the blood. And so it was - for some reason, the disease is to inspire people to dread. Perhaps its slowness and inevitability. Leprosy develops from three to forty years. Steps of the Commander in the performance of microbes. Bypass lepers, respectively: from the early Middle Ages were packaged in a leper colony, which in Europe were tens of thousands, made ​​a symbolic burial with the words: "You are not alive, you're dead to all of us," made ​​to inform yourself about the bell and the ratchet , killed during the Crusades, castrated, etc.Bacteria opened Norwegian physician Gerhard Hansen in 1873. Her long to cultivate outside man, and it was necessary to find a cure. Eventually American Sheppard became the bacteria multiply in the soles of the paws of laboratory mice. Further improved the technique, and then found another kind, except the person who strikes leprosy: devyatipoyasnogo armadillo. march leprosy runs the same things and many infections: antibiotics. In the 40-ies of XX century there dapsone, and in the 60s - rifampicin and clofazimine. These three drugs are now included in the treatment. The bacterium was unusually docile, without developing resistance mechanisms: this death is not in vain in the Middle Ages was called lazy. Chief antibiotic - rifampicin, it opened Italians Piero Sensi and Maria Teresa Timbal in 1957. They were in awe of the French gangster film Rififi, whose name is called and medicine. Released him to his death in 1967 bacteria. And in 1981, the WHO adopted a protocol treatment of leprosy: dapsone, rifampicin, clofazimine. Semi-annually or annually, depending on the lesion. Outpatients. According to the statistics of WHO leprosy suffer mostly in India, Brazil, Indonesia, Tanzania. Last year was affected 182 thousand people. Every year, this number is decreasing. For comparison, back in 1985, leprosy hurt more than five million. Rabies is caused by a virus disease Rabies virus after being bitten by an infected animal. Affected nerve cells, 20-90 days after symptoms appear: begins rabies, hallucinations, paralysis. Ends in death. than in victory. "First, patients rescued them were so severely bitten by a rabid dog that producing experience over them, Pasteur seemed, could reassure myself that doing an experiment on human beings, in fact condemned to death. But people close to him knew what the price was bought this celebration. Which raises hopes Successive attacks gloomy despondency, which weary days and painful, sleepless nights endured this no longer young, emaciated man labors and disease between July 6, when the professor Granshe armed pravatsevskim syringe, the first time a living human being instilled poison rabies on This time turned into an antidote, and on 26 October, when Pasteur, having waited all terms possible incubation, in his usual modest form of the Academy said that the cure for rabies - an accomplished fact "- a description Timiriazev first therapeutic vaccination against rabies by Louis Pasteur made ​​6 July 1885 nine-Joseph Meister. Method cure rabies just interesting because it was the first time. Unlike Edward Jenner, Pasteur was well aware that there is any infectious agent, but could not find it: while viruses were not yet known. But the procedure he performed perfectly - the localization of the virus found in the brain manages to cultivate it in rabbits, found that the virus is weakened. And most importantly, found that the weak form of the disease develops much faster than classical rabies. Hence, the body is immunized faster. Since after bites and treated - quickly immunized. In Russia the first vaccination station opened, of course, in Odessa, in the laboratory Gamal in 1886. Today rabies treatment differs little from the scheme developed by Pasteur . Polio virus disease causes small Poliovirus hominis, opened in 1909 in Austria. It infects the intestine, and in rare cases - one at 500-1000 - enters the bloodstream and from there to the spinal cord. This development causes paralysis and often death.Children get sick more often. What victory. Polio - a paradoxical disease. She caught up with the developed countries because of good hygiene. Generally, serious epidemics of polio has been heard before the XX century. The reason is that children in underdeveloped countries because of unsanitary conditions in infancy get an infection, but at the same time receive and antibodies to her mother's milk. Comes natural inoculation. And if good hygiene, the infection overtakes older person, without the "milk" of protection. According to the United States, for example, rolled several epidemics in 1916, 27 thousand people are sick, children and adults. Only in New York deaths counted more than two thousand. And during an epidemic in 1921, President Roosevelt contracted future remaining after this crippled for life. Disease Roosevelt initiated the fight against polio. It invests in research and clinics, and in 30 years people's love for him was organized in the so-called March of Dimes: Hundreds of thousands of people sent him envelopes with coins and so collected millions of dollars in virology. first vaccine created in 1950 by Jonas Salk . It was very expensive, because the raw materials used as monkey kidney - a million doses of vaccine in 1500 required the monkeys. Nevertheless, by 1956 it instilled 60 million children starve 200,000 monkeys. Around this same time, scientist Albert Sabin made ​​the live vaccine did not require killing animals in such quantities. In the United States for a long time did not dare to use it: after all, live virus. Then Sabin strains transferred to the USSR, where experts Smorodintsev Chumakov and quickly made ​​test and production of the vaccine. Checked for themselves, their children, grandchildren and friends grandchildren.in the years 1959-1961 in the Soviet Union have planted 90 million children and adolescents. Poliomyelitis in the USSR disappeared as a phenomenon were isolated cases. Since vaccines destroy disease worldwide. Today, polio is endemic in some countries in Africa and Asia. In 1988, WHO adopted a program to combat the disease and by 2001 the number of cases decreased from 350 thousand to fifteen thousand a year. Now adopted a program of complete annihilation of the disease, as it did with smallpox. Syphilis disease is caused by Treponema pallidum Treponema pallidum - a bacterium transmitted mainly through se*ual contact.First defeat local (chancre), then - leather, then - any body. From onset to death of the patient can go for decades. than in victory. "- Listen, Uncle, - I continued aloud - gulp - a secondary matter. Pharynx, we also help, but most importantly, you need to treat your overall disease. How long you have to be treated for two years. Here the patient opened his eyes to me. And in them I read his verdict: "Yes, you, doctor, mad!" - Why so long? - Asked the patient. - As it is, two years? I would gargle for some drinks ... "- this is from the" Memoirs of a young doctor "by Mikhail Bulgakov. Syphilis was brought to Europe, probably from America. "French disease" decimad the people, at one time it even became the main cause of death. At the beginning of XX century syphilis sore entire districts, and in the Russian army was struck one in five. mercury ointment, who treated successfully secondary syphilis, introduced another Paracelsus, after which they were used 450 years until the middle of the last century. But the disease spread mainly due to illiteracy. Yes, and the treatment was long. Syphilis is treated with iodine preparations and arsenic until antibiotics were discovered. Moreover, the first antibiotic isolated by Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928, slays acyanotic. She was the only bacterium, which has still not managed to develop a resistance to penicillin, so it and destroy. However, now there are several alternative antibiotics. Course - six days. Today went next wave of syphilis. In 2009, Russia was recorded 52 per 100,000 population. As in the days of Bulgakov, the main reason is that syphilis again ceased to be scary.